英国人一直为自己的 身份危机而感到苦恼 The English are suffering an identity crisis.
看看我们的国旗吧 Just look at the national flag.
一项重大的体育赛事将要举行 It's there for big sporting events...
国旗飘扬在教堂塔楼的顶端 ..it flies from the top of church towers.
不过有一些人虽然 也举着这面旗,但他们心里 But there are others with their own ideas about Englishness
却对英国人的作风另眼相看 who also use it.
为我们的国家而战 Keep the fight up for our country.
这面古老的旗帜和它的民众 面临着艰难的抉择 This ancient flag and its people face some hard choices.
每当社会,宗教,政治日益多元化 At a time when society, religion and politics are increasingly diverse,
在这么一个宗教信仰纷繁复杂的国家里 in a nation of many faiths and none,
这对英国人来说意味着什么呢? what's it mean to be English?
在这个系列里,我一直在探寻 英国人的身份特性 In this series, I've been looking at English identity,
想知道他们优越感的来源 at the idea that the English are somehow superior,
特别是这个上帝的选民是如何 在世界舞台上扮演重要角色的 specially chosen by God to play a big part on the world stage...
因为毕竟英国人都很清楚 作为上帝的选民 Because after all, the English knew that they were God's chosen people
英国人就像远古的以色列人那样 只会比他们更优秀 just like ancient Israel, only better.
人们也知道,是英国人的宗教信仰 ..and at the idea that the faith of the English
造就了一个格外具有宽容心的民族 created a specially tolerant people.
你想象不到这事会发生在英格兰吧? You can't imagine this happening in England, can you?
在本系列的最后一集里 我要剖析其中 In my final programme, I'll be examining
更加根本的原理 和难以理解的争论 an even more basic and difficult debate.
我的观点之一就是 英国文化有它民族特色的核心 One point of view is that Englishness has an ethnic core.
追根溯源,真正的英国男女的祖先 True Englishmen and women take their roots
都来自黑暗时代的盎格鲁-萨克森人 from the people of the Dark Ages - the Anglo-Saxons.
到如今,还有一件明摆着的事就是 And until recently it also seemed obvious
一个真正的英国人 必定是个基督徒 that to be truly English was to be Christian,
他不可以信仰别的派别 而只能信仰英国国教 and maybe not just any Christian but Church of England.
有些人还是会觉得 此类程式化的景象很有吸引力 Some people still find such settled images compelling.
你大可无须与人商讨 就将其置之不理 You might just dismiss them without discussion.
看看你周围迥然不同的人种 Look around at the sheer variety of ethnic faces
是他们融汇成了今天的英国人 that make up the English today.
不过我想问的问题更深一步 But I want to ask a deeper question.
这到底是不是真的? Was this EVER true?
在这个系列中,我一直在讨论 上帝是如何塑造英国人的 In this series, I've been arguing that God made the English.
但是让他们成为白人 和基督徒的也是他吗? But did he also make them white and Christian?
第三集:白人和基督徒民族?
曼彻斯特
怎样才算是英国人 What it means to be English
这个话题能激起人们强烈的情感 is something that arouses strong emotion.
- 种族主义者的傀儡 - 圣乔治对抗种族主义 - 右翼仇恨的泛滥
正如那场狂怒的大爆发 Like the outburst of fury
它针对的是曼彻斯特大教堂的神学教士 directed at Manchester Cathedral's Canon Theologian.
三个月以来,我们会定期收到大量的 For three months, we received a regular flow
电子邮件,信件,电话... of e-mails, letters, telephone messages...
他们什么意思? What did they say?
他们说我坏到极点 是个背信弃义的家伙 I have been told that I am a very evil man, a traitor,
说我应该辞职,从他们眼前消失 that I should resign, that I should disappear...
这都是因为教士对一尊 12英尺高的模型 It was all because the canon blessed
祈求上帝的祝福 而它代表的是英格兰的守护神 a 12ft model of England's patron saint.
但它并不是人们心目中的 手持利剑的白人十字军战士 But this is not your stereotype white crusader, sword in hand.
这位圣乔治却是个黑人 This Saint George is black.
这起事件向英国人在民族特性 What this figure does is to challenge some basic notions
种族及文化特征方面 某些根深蒂固的观念发起了挑战 about English identity, about the racial and cultural traits
我们将其称作"民族根源" we call someone's "ethnic roots".
对某些人来讲 圣乔治就是一个强有力的象征 For some, Saint George is a powerful symbol
他代表了英国人的民族特征 of what it means to be ethnically English.
他是自信的爱国主义者的偶像 He's an icon of patriotic self-confidence.
但是圣乔治的历史很复杂 But the history of Saint George is complicated
从中我们可以学到很多知识 and it can tell us a great deal
里面就蕴含着成为英国人 究竟意味着什么的道理 about what it really means to be English.
圣乔治常在我心中 我要永远是英国人
我祈求圣乔治常在我心中
以色列 卢德镇 (位于特拉维夫和耶路撒冷之间的小镇)
你可能没有指望我去以色列 重新开始我的探寻之旅 You might not expect me to go to Israel to start my search,
但是根据当地的传统 这座名为阿-立德的小镇 but according to local tradition, this town of al-Ludd -
现在以色列人叫它卢德 - 就是这位英国圣人的家乡 which the Israelis now call Lod - was the home of the English saint.
圣乔治教堂
传说,圣乔治是罗马军队中的一名士兵 The story of George is that he was a soldier in the Roman army,
那时的罗马皇帝戴克里先开始迫害基督徒 but when the Emperor, Diocletian, began persecuting Christians,
乔治奋起反抗 George objected.
他因反抗皇帝的谕旨而入狱 最终被残忍杀害 He was imprisoned for his defiance and eventually killed.
这座教堂就建在传说中他的墓地之上 This church is on the spot where he's said to be buried.
所以在这个中东的教堂地下室 你就能和这位英国圣人近距离接触 So it's in a Middle-Eastern crypt that you'll find the English saint.
关于圣乔治,我们立刻就能想起 And straightaway you see what we all remember about Saint George -
他是名士兵,是个圣人 the soldier-saint -
这对13世纪英格兰的国王们很有吸引力 and that's what appealed to Kings of England from the 13th century.
很快,王室的代言人就将他 塑造成了国家的象征 Soon the royal spin doctors were making him the symbol of the nation.
他们让乔治改头换面了一番 脱下他身上罗马式的甲胄 They gave George a make-over. Out went the Roman armour
取而代之的是身披链甲 还有英国十字军战士的战袍 and instead he donned the chain-mail and tabard of an English crusader.
不过,这些并非我们记起他的原因 But that's not how he's remembered here.
他是个非常中东化的圣人 He's very much a Middle-Eastern saint.
神父,跟我说说卢德这个地方 有关圣乔治的事情吧 Well, Father, tell me a little about the place of Saint George in Lod.
这里的基督徒团体都非常 Here, Saint George is widely venerated
崇敬圣乔治这个人 among the Christian community.
我们的很多信众都让他们的小孩 The members of our congregation dedicate their children
穿上圣乔治式的服装 by dressing them up in costume
以表他们虔诚的供奉之心 which is similar to Saint George's clothes.
他们还给孩子取名"圣乔治" They also name their children after Saint George
所以这里就有很多成人和孩子 and that's why we've got a lot of grown-ups and kids today
也叫做乔治或者朱利叶斯 that are called George or Julius.
朱利叶斯和圣乔治的意思差不多 Julius is also the parallel to Saint George.
你怎么看待英国人想让圣乔治 What do you think about the idea
也成为英国人这种想法? that the English want Saint George to be English?
很多很多社团都认为他是个本地的圣人 He's considered to be a local saint in many, many communities.
同样在希腊,人们也这样认为 The same thing happens in Greece as well -
希腊人认为他是个希腊圣人 the Greeks think he is a Greek saint
俄国人认为他是个俄国圣人 or the Russians think that he's a Russian saint
巴勒斯坦人认为他是个巴勒斯坦圣人 and also the Palestinians think that he's a Palestinian saint.
我知道在英格兰 Uh, I know that in England,
人们认为他是英格兰人 但他不是的 Saint George is considered to be from England, but, no, he isn't.
我意思是,西方教会也许非常崇敬他 I mean, he might be venerated in the Western church,
可他并非英格兰人 but he's not from England.
因此据猜测 So, on any reckoning,
在人种上,圣乔治可能是 地中海或者是中东人 Saint George is ethnically Mediterranean or Middle-Eastern.
对这个镇上的人来讲,他就是阿拉伯人 For the people in this town, he's an Arab.
但在这里最令人吃惊的是 But perhaps the most surprising thing of all
他不仅是基督徒的英雄 is that he's not just a hero for Christians here.
他还受到穆斯林的钦佩 He's also admired by Muslims.
玛哈是名穆斯林 Maha is a Muslim.
她和家人一直和基督徒邻居一起 Her family traditionally joined with their Christian neighbours
来祭拜圣乔治 to celebrate Saint George.
他们点亮蜡烛 They would light candles
还向基督圣徒祈求帮助 and even pray to the Christian saint for help.
基督徒和穆斯林曾经 像一家人那样住在卢德 Christian and Muslim used to live in al-Ludd as one family.
我妈妈和外婆 My mother and my grandmother
将橄榄油作为礼物敬献给 took olive oil as a gift for church
教会和圣乔治,祈求他的帮助 and Saint George and ask him to help them.
所以对你们来讲,圣乔治就象征着 So Saint George is a symbol of unity
联结不同团体的纽带? between different communities for you?
是的,他正是如此 Yes, yes he is.
我的话也许会叫你吃惊 Now, this may surprise you,
但是有些英国人认为圣乔治是英国人 but some people, English people, think that Saint George is English.
嗯,是有点吃惊 Mm-hmm. This is surprising me.
我真的是第一次听到这种说法 Actually this is the first time that I heard that,
不过我觉得这也很正常 but I think it's very natural behaviour
因为人要是爱上了一个圣洁的象征 because human beings, if they love a holy symbol,
他们总想把它当成自己的一份子 they want it to belong to them.
不过遗憾的是,我得告诉他们 圣乔治是阿-立德这里的人 But, unfortunately, I have to tell them that he's from al-Ludd.
圣乔治是不是英格兰人 大家的说法众说纷纭 After hearing all the noisy argument about Saint George in England,
让我精神为之一振的是 这里的人将圣乔治 I find it refreshing that here he can be seen
看做穆斯林和基督徒之间的友谊象征 as a symbol of friendship between Muslims and Christians.
圣乔治不是任何人的私有财富 Saint George isn't the property of any one people.
他是英格兰的守护神 He's the patron saint of England,
但他也是地中海戈佐岛(马耳他) but he's the patron saint of Gozo in the Mediterranean,
高加索地区格鲁吉亚共和国的守护神 the Republic of Georgia up in the Caucasus.
圣乔治是全人类的英雄 Saint George is a hero to all sorts of people.
他的传奇巧妙地整合了 英国人特性的杂乱无章 His legend neatly sums up the muddle that is English identity.
圣乔治并非很多人心目中的那样 Saint George is not who many people think he is.
这些人也不是英国人 And neither are the English.
那么,我们就来审视一下 英国人的种族特征吧 So let's take a closer look at English ethnic identity.
有一个关于英国人的看法 最为源远流长 One of the most persistent ideas about the English
说他们是北欧人的后裔 is that they descend from northern Europeans
这些北欧人在黑暗时代 在这个岛上安了家 who made this island their home back in the so-called Dark Ages.
他们就是盎格鲁-萨克森人 The Anglo-Saxons.
抓紧绳子... Take the strain...
拉呀 Pull!
这个观点很有说服力 它决定了民族主义政党 It's a potent idea. It shapes the thinking of nationalist parties
和其他许多人的看法 and many besides.
但是它有几分真实呢? But how true is it?
传统的说法里,罗马帝国行将崩溃之际 The traditional story is that Englishness was brought by invaders
外来民族的入侵开创了英国人的历史 when the Roman Empire collapsed.
日耳曼部落横扫了这片土地 Germanic tribes swept into the country -
其中有盎格鲁人,萨克森人,朱特人 Angles, Saxons, Jutes.
他们将岛上原来的居民赶走 They pushed out the previous peoples of these islands -
把这些不列颠先民 赶到如今的威尔士和苏格兰去 the original Britons - into what are now Wales and Scotland.
根据这点,英国人的祖先 就是盎格鲁-萨克森人了 On that basis, the ancestors of the English would be the Anglo-Saxons.
到了21世纪 And in the 21st century,
我们有了科技手段 来检验这个说法的真实性 we now have the science to discover if that is true.
我要做一个DNA测试 I'm taking a DNA test
来探究我祖先的遗传方式 to find out about the genetic make-up of my ancestors.
我会接受利用DNA来追溯 And I'm going to look at the results with a man who's used DNA
英国人起源的结果 to trace the origins of the British.
史蒂芬.奥本海默首先解释了 他是如何开展研究工作的 Stephen Oppenheimer first explained how his research works.
我们的基因组里有两个特殊的部分 (性染色体,男XY,女XX) There are two particular parts of our genome
这种方法非常有用 which are very useful for this approach.
其中一条是,只有男性才具有的Y染色体 One of those parts is the Y chromosome which only males have
遗传给男性后代,另一条是线粒体DNA and is passed down the male line, and the other is mitochondrial DNA
我们都有的,但是遗传给女性后代 which we all have, but it's passed down the female line.
那么这就很清楚了 你有了这对性染色体 So that's very neat. You've got two parts of our genome
一条可以生出男孩 which gives us the male line of descent
另一条可以生出女孩 and the other gives us female line of descent.
我做过DNA测试,从中可以 知道我的血脉由来吗? Well, I've had a DNA test and what does that tell you about my origins?
我们从Y染色体开始 Well, if we take the Y chromosome to start off with,
你得自于你的父亲 要追溯到冰河时代 which you get from your father, it originates in northern Spain,
如今西班牙北部的巴斯克地区 in the Basque country... Ah. ..during the Ice Age,
那是18000年前的事了,你看一下 which was 18,000 years ago. And you can see...
这幅地图上显示的就是 This is actually a map showing the distribution
你这种基因的分布情况 它在大西洋沿岸 of the type that you have, and it's extremely common
是非常普通的,实际上 这是种最常见的单一类型 along the Atlantic coast, in fact it's the commonest single type.
它正好在10000年前到达不列颠 And it arrives in Britain just under 10,000 years ago. Right.
你告诉我了这条平常的途径 Well, you've told me about one average strand.
- 那么另一条呢? - 它也是很普通的 - What about the other one? - It's just as average.
事实上,在史前时期是非常相似的 In fact, it's very similar in its pre-history. OK.
和你的Y染色体的分布是极其相似的 And, again, the distribution of this is very similar to your Y chromosome.
它起源于如今西班牙北部的巴斯克地区 Right. The origin is in Northern Spain in the Basque country
沿着大西洋海岸进入不列颠 and it moves up the Atlantic coast into Britain.
它也到了,和你的Y染色体很相似 It arrives, rather similarly to your Y chromosome,
就在10000年以前 just under 10,000 years ago.
- 你主要想说,我这种基因非常普通 - 非常普通,是的 - Well, so you're basically telling me I'm pretty average. - Mr Average, yes.
不过,这个例证非常好 But that's a very good illustration
很多人都有这种构想 that a lot of people will have that sort of picture.
是的,这种想象出人意料 Yes, and the picture is quite a surprising one.
我们起源于西班牙北部 现在却身在此处 We're starting in Northern Spain and we're up here.
到了这里以后又怎样了? What's going on here?
冰川在15000年前开始融化 The ice starting melting about 15,000 years ago
相当多的人迁移到了北欧 and quite a few people moved up into northern Europe,
尽管那里还非常寒冷 although it was still pretty cold,
地中海北岸成了他们的避难所 from refuges along the north coast of the Mediterranean.
在西欧这一带,最主要的避难所 就在巴斯克地区 And, for western Europe, the main refuge was in the Basque country.
这和盎格鲁-萨克森人入侵不列颠的历史 So this is nothing like the story
没什么关系嘛,时间上久远多了 of Anglo-Saxon England and its invasion. It's much older.
是的,按我的分析,盎格鲁-萨克森人 Yes, and the Anglo-Saxon contribution, in my analysis,
对整个英格兰的血统影响只有5% is only 5% for the whole of England.
盎格鲁-萨克森人对 英国人的血缘影响只有5%? 5% contribution of the Anglo-Saxons to the supposed English?
没错,英国人在血缘上 That's right. And the English are much closer
更接近威尔士人,爱尔兰人 康沃尔人,苏格兰人 to the Welsh, the Irish, the Cornish and the Scottish
其他任何一个欧陆种群 都不如他们那么接近 than they are to any other continental population
这种英国人是入侵种族后代的观念... and this idea of the English coming in as a race -
盎格鲁-萨克森人是英国人先人的观念 well, the Anglo-Saxons coming in as a race -
其实是得不到遗传学支持的 really just doesn't hold up in the genetic view.
所以根据遗传科学 So according to genetic science,
英国人的祖先并非 盎格鲁-萨克森人,而是西班牙人 the roots of the English are not Anglo-Saxon but Spanish.
如果这还不够出人意料的话 And if that isn't surprising enough,
遗传学上还表明,英国人在血缘上 the English are also very close genetically
非常接近爱尔兰人,威尔士人,苏格兰人 to the Irish, the Welsh and the Scots.
大家暂且息怒 Before outrage sweeps the home nations,
除了遗传学之外,还有一点要讲清楚 let me say it's clear there's more to identity than genetics alone.
英国人也许在遗传学上 和盎格鲁-萨克森人关系甚微 The English may owe little to the Anglo-Saxons genetically,
但是从文化角度来看 英国人是不是继承了很多呢? but don't they still owe a great deal culturally?
难道英国人的生活和思维方式 Isn't the English way of life and way of thinking
都没有沿袭日耳曼人的习惯吗? indebted to the people from Germany?
诺福克郡 塞奇菲尔德
考古学可以为我们提供一些答案 Here, archaeology can provide some answers.
这里挖掘的是一个 盎格鲁-萨克森人的村落 This excavation of an Anglo-Saxon village
可以让我们对英国人的起源有深入的了解 is providing useful insights into the beginnings of Englishness.
你们刚挖过,我们还要再挖一遍 我们要重新梳理一下 We'll do this one you've just done and then we'll work our way back.
尼尔.福克纳主持挖掘工作 Neil Faulkner is leading the dig.
这名小伙子是个勇士 Well, this chap is a warrior,
看起来他在战场上受了伤 which we know from the battle injuries that he has suffered.
你看他的腿骨这里断了 If you look at this leg bone you can see that it's broken,
肯定是被踢断的 要么就是被兵器击断的 almost certainly from a kick or the blow of a weapon.
看上去他的肩伤很严重 He seems to have a very serious wound on this shoulder
这里好像都被切断了 他没有立刻毙命 as if part of it has been sheared away, and if he's not already dying,
毫无疑问,他的致命伤 what would unquestionably have finished him off
在于这道贯穿他头骨的剑伤 would be this sword slash across the skull.
听起来他像是一个典型的 盎格鲁-萨克森勇士? Well, he sounds like a classic Anglo-Saxon warrior then?
在某种意义上,他是盎格鲁-萨克森人 Well, he's Anglo-Saxon in the sense
他已经融入到了盎格鲁-萨克森社会 that he's been integrated into Anglo-Saxon society
但这并不是说 but that's not quite the same as saying
他的祖先就是日耳曼人 that his ancestors are from Germany.
那么他是英国人?这是怎么回事? Oh, so he's British? So, how does that work?
我认为他可能是英国人 Well, I think he probably is British.
我的意思是 <盎格鲁-萨克森编年史>一书中说道 I mean, what the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle tells us
当时入侵者的人数并不是很多 is that they were coming over in really quite small numbers of people,
他们乘二,三艘大船而来 two or three long boats.
一艘大船上也就30-50个人 And you can get about 30, 40, 50 people into a longboat.
这就是说,在公元5世纪时 Well, that means it's actually quite a small number of warriors
入侵者的人数实际上是很少的 who are coming in, in the 5th century AD.
所以,绝大多数我们认为是 盎格鲁-萨克森一族的人 So most of the people that we think of as Anglo-Saxon
其实是已经融入 are actually British people who've been integrated
盎格鲁-萨克森社会的不列颠人 into Anglo-Saxon society.
盎格鲁-萨克森人并没有 在英格兰大范围殖民 The Anglo-Saxons did not colonize England in huge numbers.
从没发生过大规模的入侵 There never was a mass invasion.
根据考古发掘来看 蛮族对不列颠的征服 Out on the dig, they're discovering how it was probably more about
可能更重在赢得当地人的民心 winning the hearts and minds of local people.
考古人员还发现了一些大厅 领主和大乡绅就住在里面 They've uncovered the mead hall where the lord, or thane,
和村民们靠得非常近 lived alongside the villagers.
可以想象一下 我们正站在一条分界线上 So, if you imagine that we're standing on the line of the boundary
这条线向我们两边延伸下去 stretching in each direction on either side of us,
我们想象一下,大厅就在那个方向 in that direction, we imagine, is the Grand Hall.
外面紧靠的- 外面紧靠的就是村庄 Immediately outside - and it's immediately outside - is the village.
是的,我对此印象很深刻 靠得很近很近 Right, and what impresses me is just how close...
就是说,村民们在这边喊话 那边的领主都能听见 I mean, the villagers could shout at their lord across here.
是的,绝对没错 Yes, that's absolutely right
这一点和罗马人的聚居方式 有着很大的区别 and very different from the social structure of the Roman villa estate,
罗马人的豪宅 也许离开村庄有一英里之遥 where the villa is in one place and the village might be a mile away.
而在我们这里,上层人士 Here you've got an integration between the elite
和普通村民是混居在一起的 and the ordinary villagers.
哦,很和谐嘛 我是不是很理想化呢? Well, it is a nice picture. I mean, call me an old romantic,
但村民们是不是 but I'm seeing the villagers
有时候要去大厅参加社交活动? occasionally going to the mead hall and socialising?
我认为这种情形是很正常的,是的 I think that's exactly how it worked, yes.
每个自由人都可以是领主的随从 Every free man would be part of this lord's entourage
他们可以在大厅里建立一个新的社团 and they would be forging a new society in the mead hall.
我认为可以用一个词来 描述这种新事物,它就是"英国风格" I think I can put a word on this new thing and it's Englishness.
我们正在寻觅英国人的起源,对吧? We're looking at the origins of England, aren't we?
是啊,绝对没错 Yes, I think that's absolutely right.
一种日耳曼文化 或者说,一种根植于 There's a Germanic culture, or a culture that has its roots
远古日耳曼的文化 以其崭新的面貌 in a Germanic past, that's being invested with new meaning
与当地种群发生了融合 "英国风格"逐渐显现了 by the native population, so it's actually Englishness, in a sense,
在某种意义上说 是在这些大厅里形成的 which is being forged in these mead halls.
英国风格的起源在于文化的融合 The beginnings of Englishness are in a blending of cultures.
不列颠岛上的初民 The original Britons who lived in these isles
和一小伙手持长剑 and the small band of guys with big swords
凶恶的外来侵略者混居在一块 who came to join them from abroad.
很快,英国人的特性变得混乱不堪 And very quickly, English identity became messier
甚至很难去芜存菁 and even harder to distil.
因为在一波又一波的入侵浪潮中 盎格鲁-萨克森人是第一批外来入侵者 Because the Anglo-Saxons were only the first
只有他们留给人们的印象极其深刻 of wave upon wave of foreigners who left a profound mark
由此奠定了英国人的最初形象 on what it means to be English.
有个小地方恰巧体现了这种情形 And there's one small place that neatly sums it all up.
德比郡 莱普敦
圣威斯坦教堂地下室
盎格鲁-萨克森人 在八世纪时造了这间屋子 This room was built by Anglo-Saxons in the 8th century.
麦西亚的国王们死后就安葬于此 Here they buried kings
麦西亚曾经是 盎格鲁-萨克森王国中的霸主 from one of the greatest Anglo-Saxon kingdoms - Mercia.
它可谓内陆地区迷你版的 威斯敏斯特大教堂 It's a sort of Midlands mini-Westminster Abbey,
几十年间 and within a few decades,
朝圣者们络绎不绝地 来到这间地下室,祈求奇迹的出现 pilgrims were pouring into this crypt, hungry for miracles.
紧随盎格鲁-萨克森人步伐的 Hot on the heels of the Anglo-Saxons
是九世纪时的另一帮勇士 came a new band of warriors in the 9th century.
在这里也可以找到证据 There's evidence for them here, too.
它就在教区牧师住所的草地下 It was discovered under the vicarage lawn.
这里挖掘出了一个大型墓群 What they found here was a huge mass grave
埋葬着至少250名来自 斯堪的纳维亚半岛的维京人 of at least 250 Vikings from Scandinavia,
根据大量的尸骨判断 只有一个人的年龄超过了45岁 and in all the heap of bones, only one man was older than 45.
他们都是战死的维京战士 They had found the war-dead of the Viking army.
维京人将死去同胞的尸体 And what the Vikings had done was pile all their dead comrades
堆积在信奉基督教的 麦西亚国王的坟墓之上 of the grave of one of those Christian Mercian Kings,
我想说的是 just to make a point.
维京人想赖着不走了 The Vikings were here to stay.
维京人并不是最后一批 And the Vikings were by no means the last wave of foreigners
来到岛上给英国人添乱的入侵者 to come and stir up English identity.
诺曼人又来了 The Normans came next.
莱普敦学校的前身 Repton School is built on the footprint
是一所12世纪诺曼人建造的 合乎奥古斯汀教义的小修道院 of a 12th century Norman Priory of Augustinian Canons.
瞧这儿,这就是大拱门的基础 Look at this. This is the base of a great arch
像这样一层一层上去 这里是入口 which would come up like this, and this is the entrance
通向教士的牧师会礼堂 他们的会馆 to the canons' chapter house, their assembly hall.
我很喜欢这些诺曼式的大拱门 I love these great Norman arches.
在这个德比郡的市镇上 In this one Derbyshire town, it's possible to trace
很有可能追溯到英国人 种族特点的多样化因素 the diverse ingredients of English ethnicity.
入侵者可能都属白人 They may all have been white,
但每一批前来拓殖的移民都各有不同 but each wave of immigrants offered something different.
从宏大的建筑到当地的口音 From great architecture to local accents,
从习惯法到地理名称 common law to place names,
英国人包容并蓄 the English absorbed them all,
五彩斑斓的多层次差异 创造出一种新的文化特征 layer upon layer of rich diversity, creating a new cultural identity.
就像意大利千层面或者印度的咖喱鸡块 Just like a fine old English lasagne or Chicken Tikka Masala.
硬要说那也是英国味的 To say that to be English
从遗传学角度或者单单 盎格鲁-萨克森人的文化来看 is to be genetically or culturally Anglo-Saxon alone
很显然是错误的 is just plain wrong.
但是还有一种根深蒂固的传统 But there is another deeply ingrained tradition
要做英国人就要成为基督徒 that to be English also means to be Christian.
而且是一类特别的基督徒 And a particular kind of Christian at that.
一部18世纪的优秀小说里就提到了 It's beautifully put in that great 18th century novel,
亨利.菲尔丁的<汤姆.琼斯> Fielding's Tom Jones.
汤姆的家庭教师塞维克姆 是个自命不凡的英国国教教士 Tom's tutor is a wonderfully pompous Anglican clergyman, Parson Thwackum.
在一次关于宗教的争论中 And in the course of an argument about religion,
塞维克姆教士庄严地宣称 Parson Thwackum majestically pronounces,
"我提到宗教的时候 我意思就是基督教 "When I mention religion, I mean the Christian religion,
"不单单是基督教 "And not only the Christian religion,
"而且还是新教 "but the Protestant religion,
"不单指新教 "and not only the Protestant religion,
"而且还是英国国教" "but the Church of England."
这样你就明白了吧 真正的英国人只能信仰英国国教 There you have it - to be truly English is to be Church of England.
难道真是这样吗? How true is that?
萨福克郡 韦泽顿村
这种传统究竟是怎么样的 我了解得一清二楚 This is a tradition I know very well from the inside.
我父亲是名乡村牧师 I grew up the son of a village parson.
我过去常弹管风琴 费用都是出自战争纪念基金 I used to play the organ, paid for out of the war memorial fund.
村民们通过社区中心的一个机构 The village chose to remember their dead, lost in two world wars,
来纪念两次大战中死亡和失踪的亲人 through the institution at the heart of their community.
几百年以来,教区教堂 总是和生命息息相关 For hundreds of years, life was built around the parish church.
每个星期你都要来这做周日礼拜 You came here each week for Sunday services.
四季从你身边匆匆而过 You marked the passing seasons.
教堂里的洗礼仪式随时恭候 The Church provided the christening ritual
这儿见证着你的出生 that marked your entry into the world,
这里是你携手另一半迈向幸福的地方 this was where you'd come to get married,
归根结底,这里也将是你的安息之所 and after it all, this would be your final resting place.
对绝大多数英国人来讲 他们的世界是由 For most English people, their world was shaped
一种特殊的基督教 by one particular sort of Christianity -
即包罗万象的英国国教来决定的 an all-embracing Anglicanism.
不过现实情况是,即使那时坐在 管风琴凳子上的我还少不更事 But the truth is that even as a boy sitting on that organ stool,
我也明白每个人心中的 英国国教是千差万别的 I knew that the Church of England didn't mean the same for everyone.
实际上,差异的种子 And actually, the seeds of division
在基督教起源之初就埋下了 were there right from the Church's earliest beginnings.
剑桥郡 鲍尔舍姆村
英国国教教堂在 16世纪基督教改革之后 The English church was born in the 16th century
就开始应运而生了 out of that revolution in Christianity
这叫做"新教改革" we call the Protestant Reformation.
原先的天主教会垄断 It was set up to replace the monopoly of the Catholic church
被新教垄断所代替 with a Protestant monopoly,
但是这个村子里的新教基督徒 but this village reveals that English Protestant Christianity
却拒绝遵循单一的模式 refused to fit into a single mould.
1600年,鲍尔舍姆成了 一个宗教团体的根据地 In 1600, Balsham was home
它名叫"爱之家",既古怪又富于刺激性 to a strange and colourful religious group called the Family of Love.
据说,里面的成员沉溺于换妻 Allegedly, they indulged in wife-swapping,
通奸,放荡不羁 adultery and general excess.
实际上,他们的恶行 比传说还要令人震惊 Actually, they were much more shocking than that.
他们这种神秘宗派笃信 They were a mystical sect who believed
他们不仅是上帝的孩子 而且还是上帝的组成部分 that they were not just children of God, but a part of God.
他们这些家庭主义者 被官方宣告为异端分子 It's not surprising that the Familists
一点也不奇怪 were officially condemned as heretics.
但他们并没有故作可怜低调 But they were not ones to stand up and get martyred.
而是大明大方地参与教会活动 Instead, they joined the established church
利用它来达到他们不可告人的目的 and used it for their own secret purposes.
给你看点东西 I've something to show you down here.
历史学家克里斯.马歇找到了 一些非常隐晦的证据 Historian Chris Marsh has found highly coded evidence
来证明他们的所作所为 of how they did this.
- 这里造得蛮不错嘛 - 那当然 - It's a bit of performance, isn't it? Mm-hmm.- It certainly is.
这口大钟,它有什么特别之处呢? Right, it's a bell. So what's so special about it?
钟室里的这三口钟铸于1609年 Well, three of the bells in this belfry date from 1609.
上面都刻着日期,1609年 They all have this date on. Oh, yeah. 1609, yep.
其他的几口钟上有铭文 But where the other bells have inscriptions like,
"上帝保佑教会" "上帝保佑国王" "God save thy church," "God save the king,"
这里的拉丁铭文翻译出来就是 this one has a Latin inscription which translates as,
"我不是为逝者的灵魂 而是为生者的耳朵而鸣响" "I sound not for the souls of the dead but for the ears of the living."
从某种程度上来说 这些铭文想表达的是 And at one level, all that is saying
17世纪早期规矩的新教徒 is that good Protestants in the early 17th century
他们不再像宗教改革前的天主教徒那样 no longer pray for the souls of the dead
为了逝者的灵魂而祈祷 as pre-reformation Catholics did,
但是这里出现一个特别的变数 but there's a particular twist.
- 有两个词颠倒了 - 颠倒了?此话怎讲? - Two of the words are reversed. - Reversed, how do you mean?
就是说写到后面去了,哦,对了 Just written backwards. Oh, right.
写到后面去了,所以"animabus"(灵魂) 变成了"subamina" Written backwards, so the word for souls, animabus, becomes subamina,
这个词在拉丁文里没有意义 which is a meaningless word in Latin,
"auribus"(耳朵)变成了"subirua" and the word for ears, auribus, becomes subirua.
- "灵魂"和"耳朵"拼颠倒了 - "灵魂"和"耳朵"拼颠倒了 - Souls and ears backwards. - Souls and ears backwards,
也许刻字的人想表达的意思是 正统的观念已经颠倒过来了 and maybe what he's saying is that orthodoxy has got it all wrong.
这就跟它的原意相反了 It's the other way round.
你们都沉迷于外在的礼拜仪式 You're all obsessed with externals, with churches,
而真正的信仰是能走进你心灵的东西 and true faith is about what goes on in your soul.
作为"爱之家"的成员 他们是非常善于 And members of the Family of Love were very, kind of, adept
注意和他们特征有关的这些点滴暗记 at registering these little secret signals of their identity.
他们肯定偷笑了,是吧? They must have smiled to themselves, mustn't they?
每次这口钟为英国国教仪式响起时 Every time this bell rings for an Anglican service...
我是这么认为的 I think so, yeah.
...实际上就是鸣钟为他们通风报信 ...it's actually ringing out their message to those who know.
但是在鲍尔舍姆 家庭主义者引人注意的地方 But what's fascinating about the Familists in Balsham
不仅在于他们鬼鬼祟祟地搞破坏 is not only their sneaky subversion,
还在于他们有时敢于 but that they sometimes dared to express
公然地表达内心的异教信仰 their heretical faith openly.
1609年,他们的一名教主死了 When one of their leaders died in that same year, 1609,
就在同一年里,他的信徒厚颜无耻地 his followers took the brazen step
霸占了一位中世纪牧师的坟墓 把他们的教主葬了进去 of appropriating a medieval priest's tomb to bury him.
他们将牧师的尸骨迁了出来 They removed the bones of the priest who lay within,
然后用600块砖造了一间墓穴 They put a brick vault, 600 bricks, into the ground,
安顿好托马斯.劳伦斯 还更换了顶上的石头 installed Thomas Lawrence and then replaced the stones on top,
它的样子显得十分特别 which is an extraordinary gesture.
所以我认为他们的意思就是 "我们的教主和埋在这块墓地里的" So I guess what they're saying is that their leader is as important
"所有古代的牧师一样重要" as all priests in this graveyard from the remote past.
我认为他们的言外之意正是这样 I think that's exactly what the implication was,
果不其然,他们的做法激起了 and not surprisingly, it provoked a reaction
教会里其他神职人员的反对 from some of the other church officers
他们明显感到,这一回,"爱之家"的信徒们 who clearly felt that this time the members of the Family of Love
做得实在是太过分了 had gone a step too far.
两方在法庭上激烈抗辩 The squabble ended up in court
教堂执事当庭揭发了 家庭主义者的异端面目 where the churchwarden exposed the Familists as heretics.
令人吃惊的是,这些家伙侥幸逃脱了惩罚 Surprisingly, they got away with it.
有人告知法官说 团伙中有两个老人 The judge he was informed that the two were old,
其中一个是盲人,一个是聋子 that one was blind, one was deaf
案件到此为止,法官不追究了 and the case died, he just let it go.
这些家庭主义者是异端分子 So the Familists, they're heretics
他们还能受到英国国教之下法庭的庇护 and yet they're being defended by the courts of the Church of England
而这些异端分子的拥戴者 正是英国国教的眼中钉 against people who would think that THEY were the backbone
这不是很奇怪吗? of the Church of England. Isn't that weird?
是很奇怪,但是在教会里 在当时的社会环境下 It is weird, but within the church, within society at this time,
这就是对差异性最大限度的融合了 there is a sort of capacity for absorbing diversity
大多数人确实会对此感到惊讶 which most people might find really quite surprising.
你也许会把"爱之家" OK, you might say the Family of Love
看成是个势力微弱的恶棍式宗派 游离于主流社会之外 was a tiny rogue sect, well outside the mainstream,
但实际上,到17世纪中叶 在英格兰,还是有几百个这样的 but in fact, by the mid 17th century there were hundreds
独立的新教小团体 of small independent Protestant groups in England,
从喧嚣派,掘地派到 浸礼会教友,唯一神论者都有 from Ranters and Diggers to Baptists and Unitarians.
在完全意义上的英吉利民族 形成很久之前 Far from being a wholly Anglican nation,
英国人已经是一个民族大熔炉了 the English were already a pretty mixed bunch.
宗教的多元化继续向纵深发展 And that plurality of religion was stretched even further
海外的新教移民也受邀来英国 with an invitation to Protestant religious immigrants from overseas.
我母亲家姓查普尔 My mother's family was called Chappell.
他们是法国新教徒的后代 被称为胡格诺派教徒 And they were descended from French Protestants, known as Huguenots,
曾于17世纪的天主教法国 受过残酷的宗教迫害 who suffered persecution in 17th century Catholic France.
他们逃到新教英国 受到当地教会正式的庇护 They fled to Protestant England with the full blessing of the Church here.
他们带着独特的信仰而来 They came with their own distinctive faith.
但是他们对英国社会的影响更为广阔 But their impact on English Society was much wider than that.
胡格诺派教徒有文化修养 具有高度的组织性,情绪饱满 The Huguenots were literate, highly organized, motivated.
他们将本身的勤奋 和商业才能带到这个国家 They brought their industriousness and commercial ability to this country.
英格兰银行可能就是 英国经济的核心机构 The Bank of England may be the institution at the heart
实际上,它的存在都要 归功于胡格诺派教徒 of the English economy but we owe the fact it exists at all to Huguenots!
这份名单上的定期捐款人 Well this is the list of subscribers who actually set up
实际上就是1694年英格兰银行的缔造者 the Bank of England in 1694.
你也许会以为国王和女王是带头人 And it starts with the King and Queen as you might expect,
但你只要翻过这一页 就能看到胡格诺派教徒的名字了 but if you turn over the pages you start meeting Huguenots.
看上面写的 What have I got here?
"我,托马斯.勒侯普,伦敦士绅" "I Thomas Leheup of London esquire."
再看这里,让.德.拉.帕海尔 也是伦敦人 And then I have, Jean de la Parelle, also of London.
再看上面,"我,伦敦的约翰.侯伯朗爵士 And at the top I have, "I Sir John Houblon of London, Knight
爵士和市议员",他捐了1万英镑 and Alderman" and he subscribes £10,000 which is actually
实际上,这个数目 和国王和王后的捐款一样多 the same sum that the King and Queen gave!
他的捐款最多 This is a top man.
实际上,他后来当上了 英格兰银行的首任行长 And he actually became the first Governor of the Bank of England.
如果你兜里有钱的话 你就能看到约翰爵士 And if ever you've had a few bob you'll have met Sir John,
因为50英镑纸币上就有他的头像 because here he is on a £50 note.
我的老祖宗真是行善积德了 Nice to see my ancestors doing so well.
胡格诺派教徒来到此地 But the reason the Huguenots who came here
进军银行业还有工商业 went into banking, also commerce and manufacturing,
是因为英国对宗教多元化还有限制 was because there were still limits to English religious plurality.
传统职业与任何一个 非英国国教徒的关系都很密切 The traditional professions were closed to anyone who wasn't Anglican.
英国国教是保守派的部分守则 The Church of England was part and parcel of the Establishment.
但决非全部 But, it was never the whole story.
英国人真实面目的写照变得很复杂 The true picture of what it meant to be English was getting complicated.
现在,当局倒是希望它能简单些 Now the authorities would have liked it to be simple,
完全是一个英国国教忠实追随者的想法 nothing else than a loyal follower of the Church of England.
但还有很多途径成为基督徒 But there were more ways of being Christian,
还有很多途径成为英国人 事实上,我们提倡宗教多元化 more ways of being English, religious pluralism, in fact.
天主教徒,教友会教徒,浸礼会教友 公理会教友,长老派成员 Catholics, Quakers, Baptists, Congregationalists, Presbyterians.
他们都坚守各自的信仰 All of them managed to hold on to their beliefs.
是的,有时是私下进行的 但他们没有放弃 Yes, sometimes in secret, but they did it.
快到17世纪末了 英国国教会 Towards the end of the 17th century the Established Church
不得不面对现实 had to start facing facts.
首先要面对的自省 就是议会颁布的<宽容法案> The first reality check was Parliament's Act of Toleration.
这部法案允许新教徒 公开地进行宗教仪式 This law allowed Protestant dissenters to hold their own services
不必惧怕他人的指控 in the public eye without fear of prosecution.
到18世纪末,罗马天主教徒 也有这样的权利了 Roman Catholics too would be granted concessions by the end of the 18th century.
威斯敏斯特宫 议会档案馆
但是,是英国人就一定得 信英国国教的谎言 But the myth that to be English was to be Anglican was finally
最终在19世纪被驳倒了 demolished in the 19th century.
教会对英格兰和威尔士的 第一次人口普查 The first census of church attendance in England and Wales
发生在1851年 took place in 1851.
我在议会档案馆查看统计结果 I've come to look at the results in the Parliamentary Archive.
统计数字会让很多人感到惊讶 The figures shocked a lot of people because
因为我们看到的是,在绝大多数城镇 what they revealed was that in most large towns more people were going to
很多人去做的是非英国国教的礼拜 而不去做英国国教的礼拜 non-Church of England services than the Church of England.
在布拉福德有个过头的例子 Look here at an extreme example from Bradford.
很多人做非英国国教礼拜的次数 Now here nearly three times as many people at non-Anglican services
差不多是做英国国教礼拜的三倍多 as at the Church of England.
威尔士的数字甚至更为过头 And if you took the Welsh figures they'd be even more extreme.
综合下来的统计数字 消除了城镇和乡村间的差异 Now, the overall statistics which irons out the differences between town and country
或者说是地区差异 每1000个人里有520个 or the regional variations, you get 520 out of every 1,000
去教堂做礼拜的人 是英国国教徒,比例就是52% church attendances are Anglican, that's 52%.
这当然就说明,差不多有同样多的人 不去做英国国教礼拜 Which of course means that nearly as many people are not attending Church of England services.
既然有这么多人不做英国国教礼拜 With so many not going to the Established Church,
那么"是英国人就得信英国国教" 这种说法就站不住脚了 the idea that it was ever the only way to be English, just doesn't stand up.
具有讽刺意味的是,从英国国教 教堂塔楼传来的钟声 The irony is that ringing out from Anglican church towers
激荡着我的心灵 在我看来,这种声音非常迷人 is a sound which to my mind, rather charmingly captures the plural
它体现了英国基督教多元化的本质 nature of English Christianity.
在天主教盛行的中世纪 英国教堂的大钟 In the centuries of medieval Catholicism, English bells
发出的仅仅是一种嘈杂的巨大噪音 were simply rung out in a great random noise,
就像在天主教占主导的欧洲各地一样 just as they were in every other part of Catholic Europe.
但是在宗教改革之后 新教徒在鸣钟这一仪式上 But after the Reformation, Protestants developed
发展出了一种独特的英国式手法 a uniquely English game for ringing bells.
它有正式的规则 It had very formal rules.
但是它的特点改变了 彻底改变了,不一样了 But its hallmark was change, re-invention, difference.
我们一个回合一个回合的来 We start off by ringing what we call rounds,
鸣钟从最高音减弱到最低音 which is ringing down the scale from the highest note down to the heaviest note,
由简这里开始拉 and Jane's going to start us off with that.
开始拉...拉吧 Going... Gone.
这样我们可以变换 鸣钟的顺序,或者说次序 And from there we can then change the sequence or the order of the bells.
比如我们开始拉的时候说"三到四" So for example we start by saying three to four,
第三钟和第四钟就会交换次序 还可以一次次地改变次序 bells three and four will swap over and from there we can change the order again, and again.
可以随意地变换下去 As long as you like.
只要你的邻居不抱怨 As much as the neighbours will tolerate it!
我拉给你看看 I'll show you what we mean.
拉 Gone.
二到四 Two to four.
那么第二钟就和第四钟交换 Then we swap bells two and four over.
次序就变了 That's changed the order.
二到三 Two to three.
交换第二和第三钟 That swaps bells two and three over.
四到二 Four to two.
这样变来变去可以持续几个小时 相信我,有意思极了 You can go on ringing the changes for hours - trust me, the maths does work!
三到二 Three to two.
几乎有500年之久了 And for nearly 500 years,
所有的英国基督徒都会这一招 all of English Christianity has been like this.
还有一种更古老的再创造连绵至今 A continuous re-invention of something much older.
你可以在很多小教堂 You can see it in the nation's plethora of Chapels
和会议厅里看到 and Meeting Houses.
每一个新团体的出现都会改变英国国教 And every new group changed the Church of England, forcing it
迫使它一点一点地变得 心胸更加宽广,包容更多的分歧 bit-by-bit to become a broader church, embracing difference.
但是在能够真正自称为"宽容的教会"之前 还有一个关键性的论战摆在我们眼前 But one key battle remained before it could truly call itself a broad church.
这一次,宗教多元化之争 This time the struggle for religious plurality reached right
从方方面面逼近了教会的大门 to the gates of the church, in every sense.
结果将奠定英国人特性的未来基调 The outcome would set the tone for the future of English identity.
萨福克郡 阿肯汉姆村
争论集中在非常重要的死亡问题上 The fight centred on the all-important question of death.
150年以前,在这个乡村绝大多数角落 150 years ago, in most corners of this country,
只有接受了英国国教的祈祷 死后才能进入天堂 you could only get to heaven with the blessing of the Church of England.
如果你不是英国国教教徒 那么连安葬亲人的方式 If you were not an Anglican you might not be able to bury
都由不得你选择 your loved ones in the way you wanted.
这就表明你这类英国人 和英国国教徒还是有区别的 That implied that you weren't as English as the Anglicans.
这正是一个背弃了英国国教的家庭 And this was precisely the situation facing one family
所要面对的窘境 who'd turned their backs on the Church of England.
我们到了 阿肯汉姆教堂庭院的大门 Well, here we are, the churchyard gate at Akenham.
尼古拉斯,跟我讲讲19世纪时 So, Nicholas, tell me a bit about religious life
阿肯汉姆这里的宗教生活吧 in Akenham in the 19th century.
我认为阿肯汉姆在19世纪时 是个有点不同寻常的村庄 Akenham, I think, in the 19th century was a somewhat unusual village.
几乎没有英国国教徒 如果要说有的话 There were very few Anglicans, if any,
有两个大地主都是公理会教友 the two major landowners were both Congregationalists,
他们会在某个星期天的早晨和雇工一起 they went to chapel in Ipswich and took their labourers with them
坐着运货马车去 伊普斯威奇的小教堂做礼拜 on a Sunday morning, on carts.
所以这儿的教堂里 根本就没什么人做礼拜 So there were hardly any services in the church at all.
这里有什么人吵架吗? And what was the row here?
一个孩子的葬礼闹得沸沸扬扬 This particular row was over the burial of a baby -
一个两岁男孩 a two year old child -
他实际上不是公理会教友 而是浸礼会教友 who was, in fact, not a Congregationalist but a Baptist.
哦,一个浸礼会教友 比公理会教友还糟糕嘛 Oh, a Baptist. So, much worse than being a Congregationalist
因为他根本还没接受洗礼 because he wouldn't have been baptised at all.
浸礼会教友要到了成年后方才接受洗礼 Baptists don't baptise until you're of an age of discretion
自行决定,所以才两岁的孩子还没受过洗礼 to take it on yourself, so, no, at two years old he wasn't baptised.
那么在葬礼期间怎么了? So what would that mean in terms of a funeral?
就是说,作为教区居民 这孩子有资格葬在教堂墓地 It meant that he was entitled to burial in the churchyard
但是不能对他行什么宗教仪式 as a parishioner, but no service could be read over the child at all.
一条小生命就这样悄无声息地逝去 这样处置似乎太冷酷了 This all made for a cold way to mark the passing of a child.
小孩的家人愤愤不平 The family felt passionately
因为他们理应享有的 仪式权利遭到了拒绝 that their right to a proper ceremony was being denied.
因此他们决定向教区里的 英国国教牧师发起挑战 So they decided to defy the parish's Anglican clergyman,
乔治.德鲁里牧师 Father George Drury.
孩子朝着村庄方向躺在棺材里 The boy came in his coffin from the direction of the village.
与此同时,村里的两个大地主 At the same time, the two main landowners
和一个伊普斯威奇的公理会牧师一起 together with one of the Congregational ministers from Ipswich
从我们身后的田野里过来 准备在此给孩子行葬礼 came across the field behind us to meet them here to conduct a service,
他们要在田野里做这件事 which they were going to do in the field.
这件事让德鲁里大为光火 And this is the thing that upset Drury.
他说,"不,我要让孩子入土为安 那么你们就行仪式好了" He said, "No, I want to bury the boy, THEN you can have your service."
他们老早就下决心 要给孩子行葬礼了 They were quite determined to have the service before.
孩子的葬礼一团糟啊 What a mess at a child's funeral!
场面极端难看,就是说 双方差点动起手来 It was outrageous. I mean, they came to blows, almost.
是否动过粗,双方各执一词 Whether one of them actually hit the other is a matter of opinion.
德鲁里牧师公然受到挑战 他气得要命 Father Drury was so outraged by the open challenge
他锁掉了教堂庭院的大门扬长而去 that he locked the churchyard gate and walked off.
行葬礼的人扯开庭院的篱笆 The funeral party was left to push their way through the hedge
将孩子葬在原先分配好的地块上 and bury the child themselves in the allotted spot -
在教堂的北面,那里很不吉利 on the north, unfavoured side of the church.
看看下面的铭文 "受苦的小孩子啊 Look at the inscription below - "Suffer little children,
"不要禁止他们到我这儿来" "forbid them not to come unto me"
- 这么说很严厉吧? - 我认为非常严厉 - Now, that's pretty pointed, isn't it? - It's very pointed, I think,
上面还写着 "因为在天国里正是如此" after what went on here. "For such is the Kingdom of Heaven."
这个传说老掉牙了 不过说真的,德鲁里牧师 It's a rotten story, but really, Father Drury
是在合法行使他的权利对吗? was within his rights, wasn't he, legally?
是的,他想要阻止别人 在田间给孩子行葬礼 He was. He maybe overstepped the mark by trying to interrupt the service
这一点或许是做得过分了 人家的行为也没有犯法 that was going on in the lane, which was legal, if unusual.
但如果他坚持己见 那个孩子就能葬在教堂墓地里 But if he had had his way, the child would have been put in the grave,
德鲁里还会撒上一把泥土 Drury would have thrown in a handful of soil
然后离开,没人祈祷,什么也没有 and just walked off. No prayers, no nothing,
因为他仅仅关心这点 孩子不是基督徒 because as far as he was concerned, the child was not a Christian.
虽然如此,这对英国国教来说 也不是什么有利的消息,对吗? Even so, it's not good publicity for the Church of England, is it?
一点也不好,当地报纸都报导了 It's not at all, no. It got itself into all the local papers.
报导非常详细 There was a very, very detailed account of it
几天之内这个地方尽人皆知 within a couple of days taking the place to pieces.
萨福克档案馆 伊普斯威奇分部
当地媒体措辞强烈 There was some strong language in the local press,
特别是在读者来信这一页 拉什米尔的约翰.斯基特先生来函 particularly on the letters page. Here's Mr John Skeet of Rushmere
专门谈到了有关葬仪的法律问题 on the subject of the burial legislation.
"可耻,极不公正的法律" "Vile, monstrous law!
"公正的英国法令受到了 下流的侮辱和玷污" "Foul blot and stain on fair England's statute book!"
"英国人还要继续冷漠地 允许这种可耻的恶行存在下去吗?" "Will Englishmen continue coolly to allow such a vile abomination?"
德鲁里亲自上阵予以反击 Well, Drury himself came in for some hard words
他真的起诉了一家当地报刊的业主 and he actually sued a local newspaper proprietor
他赢了官司 象征性地拿到了损害赔偿金 and he won his case, but only with token damages
这桩事情成了全国性的丑闻 and now the whole thing had become a national scandal.
<标准报>发出如下声音 This is what the Standard had to say about it -
"不幸的差异,宗教和政治上的" "The unhappy differences, religious and political,
"两者一起构成尽人皆知的" "which together constitute what is commonly known
"葬礼问题,没想到如今酿成丑闻" "as the Burial Question, have never led to a scandal
"多么令人痛苦和厌恶" "more painful and revolting."
公众舆论站在了非英国国教徒的这边 Public opinion was on the side of the non-conformists.
他们向英国国教会发起了挑战 They had challenged the privilege of the established church
开始呼吁改法令了 and now there were calls to change the law.
但是教会不甘心就此俯首认输 But the church was not going to back down without a fight.
对这件事,英国国教的牧师们 There was, actually, a very great head of steam
难平胸中的怒火 among the Anglican clergy about this.
有15000名牧师,占到全体的75% 15,000 of them, that's 75%,
在一份请愿书上签了字 反对修改葬仪法律 signed a petition against any change in the burial laws
因为他们认为,非英国国教徒 because they felt that non-conformists
意欲控制他们把持的教堂墓地 were trying to hijack their churchyards.
但这么做无济于事,1880年 <葬仪法改革法案>通过了 But it was no good. In 1880 the Burial Law Reform Act was passed.
打那以后,非英国国教徒 也可以选择墓地了 From now on, non-conformists could choose who buried them.
我认为阿肯汉姆事件 I think the Akenham affair
透露出很多有关 英格兰英国国教的特点 tells us a lot about the established church in England.
它憎恨有人挑战它的权威 It hated seeing its position challenged.
每一次的迁就妥协 它都是极不情愿的 Every concession was given as grudgingly as you can get.
尽管教会百般的不愿意 但终究还是让步了 But despite itself, the church, time and again, gave in.
这一点已经成了教会DNA的一部分 缓慢地,无条理地 It's almost become part of its DNA, slowly and untidily
向前推进着多元化程度向纵深发展 to pave the way for more and more degrees of pluralism.
我希望展现给大家的是 英国风情的方方面面 What I hope to have shown you is that the measure of Englishness
而不是你多像盎格鲁-萨克森人 is not about how Anglo-Saxon you are.
实际上,英国人的传统就是 践行日积月累的多元化生活 English heritage is, in fact, much more diverse,
海纳百川,从不列颠原住民处 embracing gifts from the original British -
或者西班牙人,也可以是 斯堪的纳维亚人,法国人那里汲取精华 or Spaniards, if you prefer - the Scandinavians, the French.
而与此同时,几乎所有的西欧国家 And while in nearly all western Europe,
它们的国教都强制实施宗教垄断 established churches enforced a religious monopoly,
而英格兰的教会从来没有尝试过 the church in England never came close.
从天主教徒到浸礼会教友 胡格诺派教徒,家庭主义教成员 From Catholics to Baptists, Huguenots and Familists -
教会都认可他们是英国人 all would be accepted as English.
因此,我来回答这个重要问题 英国风格就是包容并蓄 So, to answer a big question, Englishness is a broad church.
直到20世纪中叶 And yet right up to the middle of the 20th century,
有的人仍然固守着这种英国风格 some still clung to a facade of Englishness
别的不说,多元化肯定是要的 that was anything but diverse.
20世纪下半叶发生的事改变了一切 What happened in the second half of the century would change all that.
大曼彻斯特 阿什顿-安德-莱恩市镇
印度人聚在一起 庆祝甘尼许节(象神节) Hindu worshippers gather for Ganesh Chaturthi -
这天是象神甘尼许的诞辰 the birthday of Lord Ganesh.
节日的气氛欢快,要持续十天 It's a joyful, ten-day festival,
节日结束的时候 从英格兰北面来的印度人 and at the end of it, Hindus from across the north of England
要向一个地方进发 head for one place.
利物浦
象神甘尼许一定要浸到流水中 Lord Ganesh must be immersed in flowing water
就为了这一天,人们亲切地把默西河 and so, for this day, the River Mersey is affectionately renamed
叫做"北方的恒河" the Ganges of the North.
这个情趣盎然的印度节日 This exuberant Hindu festival
是众多英国风情中的 一种新的表达方式 is one of many new expressions of Englishness.
大英帝国风光不再 数以千计的移民 Since the end of the British Empire thousands of immigrants -
非白种人,非基督徒来到不列颠定居 non-white and non-Christian - have come to Britain.
他们让这个国家 They've made this country
特别是绝大多数人定居的英格兰 and specially England where most have settled,
变得比以前更为多元化 more varied than ever.
我今天到这儿来感谢象神甘尼许 I'm coming here today to thank Lord Ganesh
它帮我通过了普通中等教育证书考试 for helping me with my GCSE results.
我成功了,要再次感谢神的相助 I've been really successful and I'd just like to thank God again.
我感慨很多 这个场合非常欢快 It means a lot to me. It's such a joyous occasion
对整个家庭来说 对整个社区来说 for the whole family - for the whole community -
大家聚在一起 在欢声笑语中度过这个节日 to get together, and this just tops it off!
尽管历史告诉我们 英国是个多元化的社会 Even though history shows us that to be English is to be diverse,
21世纪英格兰的新文化财富 the wealth of new cultures in 21st-century England
依然摆出了挑战的姿态 is posing a challenge.
这是个处在十字路口的多元化社会 This plural society is at a crossroads.
英国人变得如此形形色色 The English have become so diverse
他们也搞不清自己究竟是什么人 that they're confused about who they are.
他们面对着个性上的决定性时刻 They're facing an identity crisis.
我认为部分原因是 也许英国人倾向的 I think part of the reason may be the English approach
多元文化主义允许独立的社团 to multiculturalism, which has allowed separate communities
相互之间互不干扰地发展 to develop in isolation from one another.
没有所谓的共同个性 There's no shared identity.
如果没有人人都认可的价值体系 If you don't have one system of values for everyone to buy into,
那么就创造一个空间 在那种空间里 then you create a void, and into that void
各种狂热的思潮突如其来 就像空气涌入真空地带 rush all sorts of passionate opinions like air into a vacuum -
实际上空谈的居多 hot air, in fact.
所以在英格兰就有了 伊斯兰教义,基督原教旨主义 So in England we have Islamism, Christian fundamentalism,
民族主义等这些政党 nationalist political parties.
极端主义者是一小撮 Extremists are a tiny minority,
但他们的所作所为影响巨大 but the effect of their actions is massive.
在英格兰,我见过对这种威胁的回应 I've watched one possible response to that threat emerging in England.
可以称之为"世俗自由主义" You might call it "secular liberalism".
这个办法就是将宗教活动 限制在非公开场合举行 The idea is that you confine religion to the private sphere
不要去提倡任何另类的价值观 and you don't promote any alternative values
不要与自由和宽容的主流观起冲突 beyond the general notion of liberty and tolerance.
在多元文化的社会里 In a multi-cultural society,
你就会明白,为何有些人要坚决排斥 you can see why this resolute rejection of public religion
看似良善的大众化宗教 might seem a good thing.
但是还会有个潜在的问题 But there's an underlying problem
对一个国家来讲 一定要宽容所有的观点 for a nation which must tolerate all views.
一个开明的社会 如果它的根本价值观是信仰自由 How does a liberal society resist extremism,
那么,它该如何抵制极端主义呢? if it's only ultimate value is toleration?
它真的有抵制极端主义的权利吗? Is it actually entitled to resist extremism?
这就让我们进退两难了 It's a big dilemma.
那么我们怎么才能避开这点呢? So how might we get round it?
我相信答案就在于世俗主义的对立面 I believe the answer lies in the opposite direction to secularism.
如果总想着将宗教活动 完全控制在非公开范围 If you try to keep religion entirely private,
那就是忽视了过去的教训 you ignore the lessons of the past.
尽管尽了最大的努力 但没有一个世俗社会 No secular society, despite its best efforts,
能成功地压制根深蒂固的信仰 has ever managed to squash deeply held faith.
需要践行的是,找到方法 What it needs to do is find ways
达成妥协,让宗教多元化得以实现 of coming to terms with religious diversity.
有个机构已经成功地做到了 And one institution has already managed that.
那就是英国国教会 It's the Church of England.
有好多次我听到人们嘲笑英国国教会 说它糊里糊涂,落后于潮流 How many times have I heard the C of E being sneered at for being woolly or irrelevant?
实际上,历史教会了它如何做出让步 Well, in fact, history has taught the Church how to compromise
学会适应相反的观点 and live with opposing points of view.
我将英国国教会 视作英国多元文化的圣像 I see the Church of England as an icon of English plurality and its best symbol
这些大教堂就是它的最佳象征 莱斯特的这座教堂也是如此 is its quiver full of cathedrals, like this one here in Leicester.
在极端主义与宽容思想 斗争日益激烈的今天 This ancient building is on the frontline
这座古老的建筑处在了最前线 of this very contemporary struggle between extremism and tolerance.
2010年,反对伊斯兰极端主义的 In 2010, the English Defence League,
"保卫英国联盟"来到莱斯特 which says it's opposed to Islamic extremism, came to Leicester.
# 将胜利的消息传给她...# # Send her victorious... #
城里所有的宗教团体 在市民领头人的带领下 In response, all the city's faith communities came together,
群起而响应 along with civic leaders.
各色宗教人士在 大教堂里举行守夜活动 They held a multi-faith vigil in the cathedral.
这点令人非常满意 我看到一座大教堂重新回到了 I find it very satisfying to see a cathedral reclaiming the role
人们心目的社会角色 成为他们所在地区的教会 for which they were intended - to be a mother-Church for their area.
对大教堂来说还有件事 But there's another thing about cathedrals.
它们代表着英国国教的重要形象 They are an image of something very precious that the Church of England has to offer.
给人的感觉就是一种 强大的国家体系 A sense of a strong, national framework that has survived
能够经历任何的历史磨难而不倒下 everything that history could throw at it.
在英格兰大大小小的村镇 教会的影响依然无比强大 In towns and villages across England, the Church still has an unparalleled presence.
因为上有英国国教会的存在 Because there is an established church,
所以英国每平方英尺的土地 仍然属于英国国教会教区的势力范围 every square foot of English soil remains in an Anglican parish.
几个世纪以来,这个综合性组织 一直在自我完善 For centuries, this umbrella organisation has been
向这个国家上上下下 各式各样的社区团体 learning how to offer very different communities
提供一套共享的核心价值观 up and down the nation a set of shared core values -
一种超越教派或信仰的公共道德意识 a public moral consciousness that goes beyond denomination or creed.
今天,在我们这个巨大的 有时严重分裂的社区里 Today in our hugely varied and sometimes badly divided communities,
真的需要有一个当地的权威 它的行为处事应遵循如下原则 there's a real need for a local arbiter that can act
代表不同宗教信仰的人们 on behalf of people of different faiths and none,
社团可以不分宗教信仰而团结在一块 which communities can unite around irrespective of their faith.
唯有英国国教会能达到这个要求 The Church of England is uniquely placed to meet that need.
它办得到吗? But can it?
伦敦 兰贝斯宫
我来找教会的当家人谈谈 I've come to talk to the head of the Church
看看教会是如何 about how it has been trying -
在大风大浪中吃一堑长一智的 sometimes only to get its fingers badly burned.
坎特伯雷大主教 罗恩.威廉姆斯博士 The Archbishop of Canterbury, Dr Rowan Williams,
引发了一场激烈的争论 有些议论似乎支持 sparked a huge row with comments which seemed to support
将伊斯兰教教法(沙里亚法)引入英国法律 the introduction of Islamic Sharia law into British law.
喋喋不休的争论喧宾夺主 大主教想要解决更重要的事 The row was a complete distraction from the far more important issues
反而没人去关心了 which the Archbishop was tackling.
他之所以对伊斯兰教教法发表看法 In his comments on Sharia law,
我认为罗恩.威廉姆斯 是在想办法解决 I think Rowan Williams was trying to address the problems
当今英国存在的问题 让大家一起来加以讨论 of contemporary England and getting us to talk about them.
这种做法英国国教会 已经延续了数世纪之久 That is what the Church of England has done for centuries,
以后还应该坚持下去 and what it should go on doing.
你对伊斯兰教教法的评论 引起轩然大波,这点我非常感兴趣 I was very interested by the kerfuffle around your comments on Sharia law.
- 感觉还好吧 - 还好 - And it's not so much... - So was I!
...你说的并不太多,还有人 ...it's not so much what you said and what...
对你的看法予以反驳 the things people said back,
但实际上这种争论场面是可以有的 but the fact that there could be such a fuss about such comments.
你的感受如何?回忆一下好吗? What's your feeling about that, looking back on it?
我有一种很强烈的感受,那就是 作为英国国教会的大主教 I think there was quite a strong feeling that the archbishop
应该为了维护英国国教 of the established church ought to be defending
而去对抗其他宗教 the established church against other religions,
然而,我认为,假设我作为 英国国教会的大主教 whereas I think I was working on the assumption that part of my job
担当的部分职责是关心 整个社会是如何 as archbishop in the established church was to ask how the society
友好对待其内部的少数民族的 as a whole can be hospitable towards the minorities within it,
那么我的角色就是中间人 把人们拉到对话中来 that that's the role of brokering, the role of drawing people into a conversation.
因而我觉得在这方面 人们的预期有相当大的偏差 So I think there was quite a mismatch of expectation there.
实际上说来奇怪 And actually, in a rather odd way,
大主教应该捍卫英国国教会的尊严 the idea that the archbishop ought to be speaking in defence
反对其他宗教的这种观念 of the established church against others is not one that many
并没有得到教会中许多同行的认同 within the established church would recognise,
部分原因是因为他们 在基层时得到过一些经验 partly because of the sort of experience they have at the grass roots
比如在伯明翰或者是莱斯特 或者是布拉德福德等社区 in the communities of Birmingham or Leicester or Bradford, whatever.
我认为世俗主义者会这么讲 I'm thinking of secularists who would say
英国国教会已经没地位了 现在什么也不是了 the Church of England has no place, it has no role now.
如果从等式,从社会生活中 抽掉英国国教会的话 So what would happen if you subtracted the Church of England
会发生什么事呢?会有什么不同吗? from the equation, from society now, what difference would it make?
我认为至少有两种层次上的不同 I think it would make a difference at two levels at least.
其一,纯粹是关于个人 或者那些当牧师的人 One of those levels is the purely personal or pastoral level.
找不到什么地方你可以去 There would be no obvious place to go to, let's say,
纪念伦敦七七爆炸案的受害者 也找不到一处地方 to commemorate the victims of the 7/7 bombings, no obvious place
可以去倾诉心灵上的创伤 to go locally when people have been through a trauma.
说到更宽泛的层次,更高的层次 At the broader level, the higher level,
我认为,人们会忽略的是 从最广泛的意义上说 I think what would be missed is some sense that the religious perspective
宗教观点应是公众话题的固有组成部分 in the broadest sense of all is a proper part of public discussion.
它不是要唯我独尊 也没有好为人师 It's not there to dominate, it's not there to give all the answers,
但人们也意识到 宗教观点是人类阅历的 but it's there recognising that here is a hugely important
一个非常重要的方面 如果不考虑公开讨论 dimension of human experience, which if you don't
那它就会转入地下状态 factor into public discussion will as it were go underground
变得更加顽固,更加自闭,更加问题多多 and become more bigoted, more introverted, more problematic.
让公众去讨论吧 实际上人人都是赢家 Bring it into the public discussion and actually everybody wins.
大主教将自己看做社会上 The Archbishop sees his role as a broker of all religious
所有宗教观点的中间人 而不是某个教会的卫道士 points of view in society, rather than as a defender of one church.
他不想唯我独尊 He doesn't want the religious voice to dominate
而是真正想让宗教之声为人所闻 but he does want it to be heard.
他认为在多元化的社会里 有必要让人们之间的距离 He thinks it's essential to bringing people together in a plural society.
他相信他的教会在这点上 已经很好地超过人家了 And he believes that his church is ideally positioned to take the lead.
兰彻斯特大教堂 911十周年祭
实际上,英国国教会一直在操办这件事 It is in fact the kind of work in which the Church of England is constantly engaged.
我们要承认,在形形色色的社团里 Recognising that in our complex societies there are many
有很多不同的信仰,价值观,道德体系 different beliefs, values and moral systems and that's why
因此,在座的不同信仰和背景的人们 it's such a privilege and a joy that people of different faiths
今天才有幸能在这座大教堂里相聚 and backgrounds can all come together in this cathedral today.
这种观念与世俗主义的 主要观点背道而驰 This is an idea that goes against the prevailing wisdom of secularism.
一系列的迹象说明它还是起作用的 And yet the evidence of this series is that it might just work.
因为我看到的是,宗教事务 For what I've found is that religion,
和英国人的秉性是那样的水乳交融 and what it means to be English, are closely intertwined.
是教会创造了以下观念 英国人注定会以某种方式 The Church created the sense that the English are somehow
在世界舞台上扮演重要角色 destined to play a big role on the world stage.
这种观念背后的潜在信念是 上帝和英格兰一条心 Behind that sense lurks the belief that God is on the side of England.
事实上,英国终于成为了一个宽容的国度 The fact that the English have finally become a tolerant nation
以冷漠的态度对待差异性 已经一去不复返了 indifferent to difference has been borne out of their religious past.
历史固然是杂乱无章的 然而宗教信仰一如既往 A messy, tangled history to be sure, but religious nevertheless.
归根到底别忘了,乱糟糟的历史 After all that, after all the muddled history, the ups
无论跌宕起伏,好好坏坏 可耻的和值得称颂的 and downs, the bads and the goods, the shameful and the creditable,
最终都能向世界提供借鉴 we have a result which really might have something to teach the world.
作为英国人就是要与众不同,海纳百川 To be English is to be diverse - to be a broad church.
这是因为,民族的核心里 有一个宽容的教会 And that's because there is a broad church at the heart of the nation.
我们必须抵制那些想要垄断过去的人 他们声称只有他们才掌握过去 We need to stand up to those who claim to own the past
其实,他们是怀着 不宽容的目的想滥用历史 just so they can misuse it for their own intolerant purposes.
让过去换新颜吧 Let's reclaim that past
那样,我们就会发现英国人的真正内涵 and then we will discover what it is to be English.